Causes of
Floods
Floods are second only
to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. They occur almost
everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and even death.
Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict
floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential
for flooding in certain conditions. There are a number of conditions, from deep
snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding.
When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land.
Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path.
Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the damage they cause.
When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land.
Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path.
Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the damage they cause.
1. Which of the following words are natural disasters? (More than one answer may be correct).
a. Flood
b. Earthquake
c. Airplane crash
d. Typhoon
2. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the reading passage?
a. Droughts
b. Large lakes
c. Poorly built roads
d. Melting snow
3. How does deep snow cause flooding?
a. melting snow causes flooding
b. too much rain causes flooding
c. sudden warm temperatures combined with heavy rains causes flooding
d. freezing water causes flooding
4. A broken human-made dam is compared to what?
a. A tsunami
b. A tidal wave
c. A broken ice dam
d. Overflowing
5. Which of the following best describes how a frozen river can cause a flood.
a. The ice in the river melts too quickly and causes a flood.
b. The ice in the river cracks causing the water to overflow.
c. The ice in the river cracks into pieces
that eventually create a dam causing the water to overflow.
d. The water behind the ice dam collects and when the dam breaks, it causes flooding upstream.
6. How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken dam?
a. less than 10 kilometres
b. tens of kilometres
c. thousands of kilometres
d. tens of thousands of kilometres downstream
7. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems?
a. the ground cannot absorb more moisture
b. the ground is too hard, so the water runs off
c. the ground forms a kind of dam
d. it remains frozen
8. What kinds of problems can floods cause?
a. Death
b. Widespread damage
c. Destruction of plants and animals
d. All of the above
9. What is the most common natural disaster?
a. Flood
b. Fire
c. Wind damage
d. Rain
10. How does melting snow cause problems related to flooding?
a. it makes the rivers run too fast
b. it makes the water too cold
c. it causes pieces of ice to block the river
d. it makes the level of the river rise
The Positive Effects on Children of Owning a Dog
Brendan's
best friend is Tip. Tip and Brendan are inseparable. They teach each other
things and they look after each other. Tip has helped Brendan become more
responsible, more caring, and a better friend. Brendan is a nine-year-old boy,
and Tip is a ten-year-old dog. Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a
dog can have a positive effect on a child's development. Having a dog develops
a child's sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and
teaches the nature of friendship.
Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal's daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog's needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one's job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.
Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person's, or in this case another creature's, situation and imagine that person's or creature's feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog's behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog's mind. Understanding a situation from the dog's perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog's behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be even half as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.
These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child's entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.
Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal's daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog's needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one's job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.
Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person's, or in this case another creature's, situation and imagine that person's or creature's feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog's behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog's mind. Understanding a situation from the dog's perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog's behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be even half as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.
These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child's entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.
1. The dog's name is _________.
a. Tip
b. Brendan
c. Brennan
d. Kip
2. Which of the following have a positive effect on a child's development?
a. Feeling responsible
b. Feeling empathy
c. Building friendships
d. All of the above
3. A child learns how to be responsible for a dog by _________.
a. taking care of the dog's daily needs
b. taking away a safe environment
c. feeding the dog weekly
d. becoming dependent on the dog
4. Learning how to care for a dog can help children _________.
a. to take of themselves
b. to choose the dog over playing
c. to get welfare
d. to ignore the dog's needs
5. Children can learn how to _________.
a. understand the dog's needs
b. only care about themselves, and not others
c. get rid of the dog they don't want to take care of it
d. be irresponsible
6. The dog's owner must interpret which of the following from their dog's behaviour?
a. Fear
b. Happiness
c. Illness
d. All of the above
7. Which of the following is a positive result of learning how to interpret a dog's behaviour?
a. Becoming selfish
b. Becoming empathic
c. Becoming arrogant
d. Being thoughtless
8. What kind of love does a dog provide?
a. Shallow
b. One-sided
c. Conditional
d. Unconditional
9. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a child owning a dog?
a. Companionship
b. Reliability
c. Friendship
d. Neglect
10. In what ways is a dog loyal? Click on the box beside each correct answer and then click on "Check".
a. It is able to tolerate the negative qualities of humans.
b. It will protect people.
c. It neglects its owner.
d. It offers unconditional love.
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